What are the physiological changes observed in acute compartment syndrome (ACS)? Select all that apply.

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a serious condition that occurs when there is increased pressure within a muscle compartment, leading to compromised circulation and function of the tissues within that space. The physiological changes associated with ACS are primarily the result of swelling and increased pressure that disrupt normal blood flow and nerve function.

The release of histamine is indeed relevant in the context of ACS. Histamine contributes to the inflammatory response and can lead to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in edema. This inflammation and swelling within the confined compartment increases the pressure, contributing to the development of ACS.

In addition to the release of histamine, other changes occur in the affected area. As pressure builds up, it can lead to reduced blood flow, rather than an increase. The elevated pressure in the compartment can compress blood vessels, decreasing perfusion and potential necrosis of muscle and nerve tissues. The increased pressure also affects nerve endings, leading to heightened pain sensations and potential permanent nerve damage if untreated.

Understanding these physiological changes is essential for recognizing the signs and symptoms of ACS. It helps healthcare professionals make timely interventions to relieve pressure and restore normal circulation to prevent permanent damage.